Children's Rights Child safety Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Youngsters' Rights Child wellbeing - Term Paper Example Their procedures of character advancement are impacted by very surprising upgrade which influences their viewpoint throughout everyday life. The difficult territory in regards to tending to kid misuse, sexual orientation, ethnicity and inability is standing up to the fundamental conviction or demeanor that the issues on child care arrangement for youngsters can be changed. On the off chance that even one is hesitant to acknowledge the possibility that there are measures to be attempted to address these issues, at that point, anyway conceivable the strategies are, these would end up being vain. The target of the article is to blend essential parts of child care, the selection of youngsters from the Public Child Welfare System, and the points of view of hazard and shielding kids from assorted variables of damage. At first, the talk would recognize factors which lead kids to require the administrations of child care, including a short conversation of hazard and the results of appropriation under the government assistance framework. Suggestions and finishing up comments would incorporate and sum up the focuses talked about. Kris Johnson, a Foster Care Manager of the Minnesota Department of Human Services unmistakably characterized child care as â€Å"24-hour substitute consideration for kids put away from their folks or gatekeepers and for whom the State office has position and care obligation. This incorporates, yet isn't constrained to, positions in non-permanent family homes, cultivate homes of family members, bunch homes, crisis covers, private offices, youngster care establishments, and preadoptive homes† (Johnson, 2004, 1). There are differing reasons why youngsters are put under child care. As affirmed by Christina A (2010), the reasons why kids are set in child care could be classified into three, indeed: â€Å"societal and fundamental elements, parent difficulties, and factors legitimately identifying with the child† (standard. 1). As the term suggests, social and foundational factors are outside variables in a child’s domain

Death and Dying in Hinduism and Buddhism Free Essays

Passing and Dying-Customs and Rituals Hinduism and Buddhism Religious and social convictions assume a critical job in the procedures of death and kicking the bucket. These convictions have made ceremonies that give a calculated system to understanding the experience of death. Societies over the world have extraordinary, exceptional customs encompassing passing and kicking the bucket. We will compose a custom article test on Passing and Dying in Hinduism and Buddhism or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now This can be demonstrated by looking at Hinduism and Buddhism. Their pre-passing ceremonies, entombment rituals and ideas of existence in the wake of death are altogether different. Hindus and Buddhists have different pre-passing customs. At the point when demise is impending, Hindus are carried home to pass on. They are set in either their room or the passage of their home with their head confronting east. A light is lit close to their head, and the individual is urged to concentrate on their mantra. The Hinduism religion expresses that a mantra is a word continued during intervention. Relatives sing psalms, supplicate and read sacred text for the perishing individual. At the point when Buddhists are biting the dust, it is dependent upon their family to keep them positive. Friends and family should free themselves of upsetting feeling. It is their duty to enable the withering individual to acknowledge demise as a characteristic and unavoidable piece of life. Hindus customs are scripted, strict and self-dependant while Buddhist’s ceremonies are low-support and generally dependant on relatives. All in all, Hinduism and Buddhism are altogether different concerning pre-demise ceremonies. Hinduism convictions about the great beyond differ altogether from Buddhism convictions. Hindus accept that people experience a ceaseless pattern of birth and demise. Hindus have confidence in karma. Karma is â€Å"action, seen as bringing upon oneself inescapable outcomes, positive or negative, either in this life or in a rebirth: in Hinduism one of the methods for coming to Brahman† (Collins English Dictionary, Web). Buddhists accept that each spirit is renewed until it has been scrubbed. In Buddhism, the objective is to accomplish Nirvana. Nirvana is â€Å"freedom from the interminable pattern of individual rebirths, with their subsequent misery, because of the eradication of individual enthusiasm, contempt, and dream. † (Collins English Dictionary, Web). Hastily, these two customs appear to be comparative, yet contrasts can be found on a more profound level. Hinduism is an endless cycle, while Buddhism can be gotten away. The greatest contrast among Hinduism and Buddhism is their internment rituals. Hindu families plan beneficiary perished with oil and herbs. The body is carried on a wooden casing to a publically assigned incineration site where grievers serenade mantras. After the body has been incinerated, bits of bone and debris that remain are gathered and thronw into the Holy River. Ten days after the incineration, relatives offer ten pindas to the stream to take care of the soul of the expired on its movements to the following manifestation. Buddhists hold basic, grave burial services. They trust it is pointless to spend a great deal of cash on conventional functions. During the review, a raised area is set up before the coffin. Grievers can put contributions, for example, organic product, blossoms and candles on the special stepped area. Pictures of the Buddha and expired individual are put before the raised area. These religions are distinctive in light of the fact that Hindus internments are detailed and costly, while Buddhists entombments are basic, useful and cheap. Internment ceremonies uncover how unique Hinduism and Buddhism are. Hinduism and Buddhism have totally different pre-passing ceremonies, ideas of the hereafter and entombment customs. This demonstrates all religions have an extraordinary arrangement of customs encompassing passing and kicking the bucket. These conventions help shape religion and make a different society. Reference index Hitchcock, Susan Tyler. Topography of Religion: Where God Lives, Where Pilgrims Walk. Washington DC: National Geographic Society, 2004. Print. Berhad, Koperasi Buddhisme Malaysia. A Guide to a Proper Buddhist Funeral. Ocean Park: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc, 2000. Print. Collins English Dictionary. â€Å"Karma. † Dictionary Reference. 2009. HarperCo Publishers. Walk 6, 2013 http://word reference. reference. com/peruse/karma Collins English Dictionary. â€Å"Nirvana. † Dictionary Reference. 2009. HarperCo Publishers. Walk 6, 2013 http://word reference. reference. com/peruse/nirvana Step by step instructions to refer to Death and Dying in Hinduism and Buddhism, Papers

Gastrointestinal Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gastrointestinal Disorders - Essay Example Practical gastrointestinal sicknesses are related with a plenty of indications which present biochemical and auxiliary irregularity which is unidentifiable (Chang, Locke, McNally, Halder, Schleck, Zinsmeister, and Talley, 2010). Maturing itself is related with various utilitarian changes in the gastrointestinal tracts; such changes include motility, intraluminal assimilation, discharge and absorbtion (Grassi, Petraccia, Mennuni, Fontanna, Scarno, Sabetta, and Fraioli, 2011). Oropharyngeal muscle dismotility has a high preveilance among the old patients. Another practical issue that is available in older patients is gastroesophagal reflux, which happens because of decreased esophagal peristalsis and weight on the lower esophageal sphincter (Park, 2011). Gastric discharging and motility has been seen as ordinary with maturing, be that as it may, a few investigations have indicated that in certain occasions it might back off. Auxiliary neurological and endocrine changes lead to upset wo rking in parts of the G.I tract. These incorporate the propulsive motility of the colon, which is diminished because of these changes. An abatement in gastric emissions additionally causes gastric ulcers as the structure of the mucous bicarbonate obstruction is likewise weakened (Park, 2011). Different capacities that additionally decline with age incorporate pancreatic discharge and the degree of bile salts. The previously mentioned basic and practical changes alongside different components are a piece of the instruments that bring about gastrointestinal illnesses, for example, gastroesophagal reflux infection, dysphagia, essential dyspepsia, essential stoppage, entrail condition, and a diminished degree of supplement ingestion (Grassi, Petraccia, Mennuni, Fontanna, Scarno, Sabetta, and Fraioli, 2011). Assessment of old patients is a mind boggling process and may require more than one meeting (The Merck Manual, n.d.). The patients regularly become exhausted and the assessment shoul d be led at a later stage. The assessment of old patients has additionally been related with underreporting and average signs for specific issue perhaps missing (The Merck Manual, n.d.). Older patients regularly have a few unique issues with their wellbeing thus it is hard to break down the framework that is influenced and whether the pathology is a consequence of failing of different organs. Corresponding disarranges can influence the outcomes got from the demonstrative test and may give neurotic indications from another framework, which can be confused with another sickness (Shamburek and Farrar, 1990). Helpful reaction by old patients is normally exceptionally delayed as life form is experiencing physiological corruption. Medications which are regulated to older patients should introduce negligible unfriendly impacts to different organs, for example, the liver as the harm from these medications might be progressively extreme (The Merck Manual,

Marshall Matt Dillon - An Old-West Hero :: American History Essays

Marshall Matt Dillon - An Old-West Hero During the 1950s the radio program, Gunsmoke, featured William Conrad as Marshall Matt Dillon. Gunsmoke was set in Dodge City, Kansas somewhere in the range of 1872 and 1885, when the Santa Fe Railroad arrived at town and when the Texas cows drives had to end by neighborhood ranchers. Known as the Queen of the Cow Towns, the Wicked Little City, and the Gomorrah of the Plains, this little town had gained notoriety for being an antagonistic, rebellious town where the quickest weapon governed (Gunsmoke). The character Marshall Matt Dillon was designed according to the genuine lawmen, for example, Wyatt Earp (1848-1929) who restrained Dodge City. Dillon was laid-back, attempted to stay away from clashes, and was extreme when the need emerged. Gunsmoke incorporates the gifted entertainers of Howard McNear (Doc), Parley Baer (Chester) Georgia Ellis (Kitty) alongside Dillon who makes up the cast of four fundamental characters. Chester is Dillons moderately aged aide who is around him regularly. Everybody goes to see the town doctor, Doc, and guests and companions the same can meet Kitty, a cantina young lady, at the Texas Trails. Matt Dillon, with a laid-back character, got a kick out of the chance to examine the town or simply sit on a yard with his amigo, Chester, talking about the days occasions. At some point, as the two are talking, their companion Kitty approaches welcome them for a beverage in the bar. Without a doubt, why not, they answer. Very little occurs now and again in their little modest town, with the exception of when certain individuals come around and work up circumstances where the Marshall must be included. In any event, when at the specialists office getting a bit of lead expelled from his leg, Dillon i s accommodating and joyful. When expecting to face somebody, Matt Dillon would prefer not approach a circumstance where clashes may happen. In one scene, Webb Johnson approaches Dillon and disobediently expresses that on the grounds that Dillon has a star on his chest doesn't make Johnson scared of him. Dillon just ganders at him, not undermined by any stretch of the imagination. Realizing Johnson is a major fanatic of the cantina, Dillon stays away from the spot no matter what. Another morning, while Chester and Dillon are visiting at Dillons work area, a Mr. Cook runs in searching for somebody. He says he needs to murder the individual, which is a bizarre remark to state before a government Marshall. Dillon needs to avoid this apparently close to home fight, yet as a Marshall, his main responsibility is to ensure individuals and stop severe battles.

Counselling for Grief and Loss for Condition- myassignmenthelp

Question: Dsicuss about theCounselling for Grief and Loss for Condition. Answer: Misery is a multifaceted and extreme enthusiastic reaction to misfortune which prompts uncertain time of deprivation and languishing over individuals. The conditions of misfortune might be distinctive for various individual. A few instances of misfortunes incorporates demise of a friend or family member, separate, crumbling wellbeing or state of being, changes in social position or sense of pride or certain mishaps throughout everyday life (Hall 2014). Consistent time of loss negatively affects individuals obvious by physical signs, passionate side effects, social changes and unordinary considered example individuals. The observation about misfortunes greatly affects patient and they experience numerous horrible encounters during the lamenting procedure. Mourning in the older is a significant concern in light of the fact that their enduring is increasingly articulated due to critical decrease in intellectual capacity, abrupt loss of help and genuine hazard to personal satisfaction (H ashim et al. 2013). The fundamental reason for this article is to basically investigate distress and misfortune experience for more established grown-ups and think about the experience dependent on two contemporary speculations. It additionally gives a conversation in regards to the advantages of the hypotheses and its handy application in the advising procedure for more established individuals with mourning. My own experience identified with a time of misery and misfortune in my life happened when I saw my grandmas demise before me. I was firmly appended to my grandma and invested a great deal of energy with her. Be that as it may, in her last phase of life, she was determined to have malignancy. I straightforwardly saw how her wellbeing disintegrated step by step and she got subject to life emotionally supportive network for each and every breath. One day she kicked the bucket before me when I saw her breathing halted out of nowhere. This nearby experience of seeing passing of my shut one broke me totally. I was unable to come out from sadness for quite a while. I lost enthusiasm for my work exercises and invest a large portion of the energy crying and recollecting the sufferings of my grandma. I longed to see her again and had the blame that I could do what's necessary to spare her. In the end, it took physical and passionate cost for my wellbeing too as I attempted to mind my own busi ness and quit connecting in social spaces. Regularly, in complex lamenting procedure, the help from directing just encourages individuals to revamp their life. Nonetheless, for me, my mom end up being mainstay of help and she helped me to adapt to the misfortune and acknowledge the truth of death. The help from my relatives helped in my recuperation on the grounds that my sorrow was not all that confused that it needed particular help. The sentiment of misfortune and despondency side effects was for an impermanent period not at all like confused sorrow which perseveres for a more extended timeframe. The above experience is my own understanding of misfortune, anyway it doesn't gives any knowledge into the lamenting procedure and difficulties for more seasoned grown-ups experiencing deprivation. Be that as it may, concentrating on the deprivation procedure in more seasoned Australians is significant on the grounds that they are generally defenseless against negative wellbeing result because of the loss of their loves one (Parkes and Prigerson 2013). The experience of despondency is extreme and the most well-known response to pain in all age bunches for the most part incorporate sentiments of gloom, longing, stun, serious misery, blame and outrage. The regular physical reactions of misery remember change for hunger, trouble in dozing, disease, crying, muscle pressures and self-destructive musings in extreme cases (Papa, Lancaster and Kahler 2014). More seasoned individuals demonstrate distinctive reaction to loss because of different experience of misfortune. For more established i ndividuals, mourning is a continuous encounter as they suffer loss of life partner, relatives or dear companions. The effect of misfortune is colossal especially for more seasoned ladies as death of close relatives bring about decrease of social encouraging groups of people (Ingham et al. 2017). Henceforth, demise of shut ones turns into a significant life stressor for them as they additionally need to adapt to misfortunes related with mature age, for example, unexpected frailty and poor ability to self consideration. For more established individuals, loss of friends and family brings about unexpected withdrawal of care and backing for them. This is on the grounds that regularly the individual what dies' identity is long haul accomplice and wellspring of care giving for them. This sort of misfortune is for the most part characterized as misfortune because of death of a life partner. Out of nowhere, the lose freedom and backing to oversee home and haggle every day livings. Dread of living alone and losing autonomy overpowers them and unexpected frailty and sadness gets normal in such more established grown-ups (Naef et al. 2013). Bratt, Stenstrz and Rennemark (2017) distinguished three normal mourning examples in more established individuals, for example, momentary interruption in working brought about by sickness, misery and psychological decay, incessant disturbances and relative nonappearance of sorrow responses. Consequently, it tends to be said that the seriousness of misfortune is subject to nature of relationship with the individual who had passed on and centrality of the misfortune as far as handy, social, money related and enthusiastic necessities. As companion is the person who is dependable to help their accomplice in all elements of life, thus effect of misfortune is colossal in such cases. One examination has demonstrated spousal misfortune assumes a significant job in the advancement of burdensome indications in the old. The loss of mate changes the quality and amount of social joining in older which is a main consideration adding to raised burdensome side effects. Frequently the degree of seriousness is with the end goal that prompt psychosocial support and early discovery of convoluted melancholy is important to recognize proper treatment alternative for more established individuals (Sikorski et al. 2014). Subsequently, for instructors, asking the deprived older grown-up about the importance of misfortune for them, effect of social and down to earth life needs, current assistance or bolster required is basic to recognize the seriousness of burdensome side effects and make satisfactory move. More established individuals generally look for mourning help from their doctor to adapt to misfortunes, anyway particular anguish explicit assistance resemble intellectual condu ct treatment and pharmacotherapy are the compelling treatment choice to treat old individuals with deprivation (Ghesquiere, Shear and Duan 2013). As old individuals lose the capacity to self consideration after the loss of their friends and family, there is a need to advance autonomy and self consideration in them following loss to assist them with recuperating from the lamenting procedure. Different types of misfortunes experienced by more seasoned Australian may be loss of relatives because of homicide, botch by human services work force or via fender bender. The dispossessed conditions of an individual contrasts because of unsupportive family, absence of care from relatives, loss of autonomy, absence of social and different backings and low financial status An examination uncovered that individuals with low salary and low instruction level neglect to get to proper help following loss of friends and family (Cacciatore, Killian and Harper 2016). In a wide range of misfortunes, the fundamental distress trademark is longing and aching for the individual, visit thought of the individual and low enthusiasm for routine life exercises. More established grown-ups generally experience intense type of sadness where the deprived individual recaptures intrigue and delight in regular exercises after some time. In any case, about 7% of the deprived grown-ups experience entangled de spondency, a psychological wellness condition coming about because of delayed intense misery (Shear, Ghesquiere and Glickman 2013). The principle rules that separate muddled sorrow from typical distress incorporate seriousness and span of manifestations, deferred beginning of responses and level of brokenness. Antagonistic physical and emotional wellness outcomes increment in more seasoned individuals because of entangled anguish responses (Shear, Ghesquiere and Glickman 2013. Henceforth, directing is generally significant in treatment of convoluted sorrow response of individuals. The entire procedure of misery and differential reaction to misfortunes in various condition of more seasoned grown-ups can likewise be broke down as per two contemporary hypotheses of despondency. The primary hypothesis is the Stroebe Schuts Dual procedure of adapting to loss and it mostly coordinates intellectual pressure hypothesis with connection hypothesis. The primary presumption of this hypothesis is that adapting style of deprived individual varies on the style of connection, anyway short intricacies add to shaky connection styles (Stroebe and Schut 2015). Subsequently, the double procedure model clarifies the move in two complimentary arrangements of procedures, for example, the misfortune direction and rebuilding direction of individuals. In the event of individual involvement in sadness just as various kinds of anguish encounters by more seasoned grown-ups, understanding of dejection and social segregation following demise of friends and family is a case of shaky connectio n styles (Fried et al. 2015). Individuals experience dejection because of convoluted despondency responses, for example, longing for the individual, outrageous misery and powerlessness to confide in others. The sentiments of misfortune thus form into dejection and forlornness is the primary contributing variable for gloom in such people as well (van Beljouw et al. 2014). Henceforth, if there should arise an occurrence of issues of dejection during the loss procedure, instructors can concentrate on tending to the rebuilding direction of individuals. This will advance changing character of individuals and helping more established to individuals to ace certain abilities that will assist them with coping with the lamenting procedure. The use of Stroebe Schuts Dual procedure hypothesis is considered in the guiding procedure of dispossessed more established grown-ups in light of the fact that it fundamentally speaks to pain and talks about the administrative adapting procedure of wavering between misfortune direction and rebuilding direction to advance recuperating and versatile adapting in individuals. The double procedure model for the most part proposes versatile adapting by the encounter and acknowledgment of misfortune and changing point of view identified with death of influenced individual. The fundamental bit of leeway of applying double procedure in cou

Tips on How to Write a Book Report

Tips on How to Write a Book Report How to Write a Book Report: Useful Tips Most probably, you have already written some book reports as a high school student. But even if you have already written a large number of them, it may be still difficult to not feel a bit lost facing this kind of task. Sometimes it can be really hard to come up with valuable book report ideas and reroute our indecisive mind on the right path. If every time you are given this kind of assignment, you find it difficult to complete it successfully and in a satisfactory way, try to follow this set of tips. What to do first? You can’t start typing right away -Firstly you should worry about meeting the requirements of your teacher or the needs of your audience. Do you have to simply give a personal view on the whole literary work or you must concentrate on a precise topic or character? Be sure you have a full comprehension of what parameters you need to stay within. -Read the novel. Yes, you must. You’ll never know how to write a book report that really stands out, if you don’t do so. The best thing would be to read the novel twice. Off course, you will spend some extra time on it, but it’s really worth it because you will notice all those little things that you missed the first time and that give you a more profound comprehension of the most significant topics. -During the process underline, highlight or take notes of the most interesting and meaningful parts. It would be better if you also outline the main and secondary topics of the novel. This way it will be much easier to organize your logical process when you begin typing. Writing and finalizing your book report -Write an introduction which briefly explains what are the main features of the novel you are going to explore in your document. You must include the writer’s name, the publication title, and very basic information about the storyline and the most determining topics treated. -For college papers, thesis is a must. You should support it with several arguments. Narrow the topic you are going to explore referring to the teacher requests and to your interests. Think about what requirements did engage you the most while browsing the literary work and, after that, decide what will be your thesis and what arguments you can provide. -Try to fully express your own view on the publication. What did you like of it and what you didn’t? Has the novel made you think deeper about something you didn’t know or didn’t realize before? Has it taught you anything? If you would suggest the book to others, what would you say them? If the author supports a specific thesis, do you agree with him? Why? Do you think his arguments are strong or he could have missed something? -Write about how this book relates to other books in the same genre or that share one or more of the topics treated in your paper. Does it connect any way to what you have studied up to here? -Write a conclusion which completes appropriately the thoughts flow. You should restate your main thought, opinion or thesis. It’s equally important to mention all the remaining unanswered questions or unsettled points of the topics covered. The icing on the cake should be to show how your analysis agrees or disagrees with some experts’ opinions, with your opinions before starting the paper and with what “people” think. -Now reread several times your work and verify that all your paragraphs and sentences flow into each other without stretches. -Finally proofread your paper, better if after some rest from writing. Better yet if you make a friend check out for errors and give you an honest opinion. Experts can write a book report online for you if you still don’t come up with the winner Sometimes, even following all the tips and suggestions, even scrupulously sticking to the book report format, it is difficult to produce great ideas. Not to mention that we may be overwhelmed by other commitments or stuff to do. So, no matter how many ways to write a book report there are, no matter how many easy books to write a book report on we may find, we won’t have the time to accomplish our aim with our own forces. In such cases, it’s natural to feel confused and helpless, for that reason our expert writers should suit your needs. Let really skilled and knowledgeable people help you cope with your strivings. Our professionals know how to write a book report college level that really stands out and can guide you through every step of the process, or offer a write-my-book-report-for-me solution as well. Contact our team and we will be happy to eradicate your stress and mental tension, providing you with an outstanding and original paper.

The LSATCracking Sufficient Assumption Questions

Many students find Sufficient Assumption questions to be among the most difficult on the LSAT. They are relatively with common, and students should expect 2-4 per exam. While they are not the most frequent question type, they tend to eat up a large amount of students’ time. However, with the right strategies, they become much easier to solve. Here are three examples, all from LSAT 70. With all subjective question types, the first step is always to find the Conclusion. Here the conclusion is: The Messengerwon’t interview Hermann. We are clued into this by the â€Å"So† that begins the last sentence. More often than not, especially in LR pre #15, the conclusion will be the last sentence of a stimulus. The biggest pitfall students fall into is not focusing on the logical gap between the reasoning and the conclusion – we need to add an assumption that allows a conclusion to properly be drawn. Therefore, we need a crystal-clear understanding of why evidence given is insufficient to reach a conclusion. This is the core challenge of these types of questions. The evidence given is that: TheMessengerwon’t do anything that its editors think would compromise its integrity. Hermann wants to approve the interview before publication. We should immediately be thinking of logical gaps between the evidence given and the conclusion reached – that is the core of the logical reasoning subjective question. The question asks us to prove the conclusion. The way to answer sufficient assumption questions is to arrange the evidence, find the gap, and add a new premise that lets you draw the conclusion. Here H wants approval [gap] Editor believes compromise integrity âžž Won’t do it By putting an arrow where the gap is, the missing statement becomes clear: H approval âžž Editor believe compromise integrity Here, conditional logic is key, but this will not always be the case. It is important to abbreviate the stimulus for yourself when entering it into conditional logic notation – try to keep track of as little as possible while maintaining the premise-conclusion relationship in your head. Mastering conditional logic is key to success on the LR section, but even more so the Logic Games (Analytical Reasoning) section. We’ve already identified the gap before we even moved to the answer choices. Sufficient assumption questions usually lend themselves to a strong pre-phrase, though not always. CORRECT.Hermann wants the right of approval. This answer shows that the editors think that would compromise theMessenger’sintegrity. And the editors don’t do anything if they think it will compromise integrity. The past doesn’t guarantee the future. Sure, the editors have never given approval before†¦.but they might change their minds. This is an example of the LSAT universe being quite different from real life. In the LSAT, you largely have to divorce past actions when thinking about future claims. This tells us that most TV stars are different from Hermann. So what? This answer doesn’t tell us that the editors will deny Hermann’s request. We know exactlyonereason that the editors will refuse to do something: if they believe that an action compromises their integrity, they won’t do it. It’s not clear that the editors believe substantial changes will compromise their integrity. This explains why Hermann wants the right of approval. But it doesn’t prove that the editors will reject his request. LSAT 70 Section 1 #7 Again, the first step is to identify the conclusion: The biography does not explain what is of most interest about Shakespeare. Be careful to track exactly what pronouns mean – never allow â€Å"it† to enter your conclusion – always note what â€Å"it† stands in for. The conclusion is based on the premise that. The recent biography of Shakespeare does not explain what made him different from contemporaries This one does not lend itself as easily to conditional reasoning and identifying a gap as the previous question. But if we carefully track shifting language, we can come up with an effective pre-phrase: The premise is about a biography failing to explain what made Shakespeare "different from his contemporaries;" the argument then shifts to a conclusion about failing to explain what is "of most interest" about Shakespeare. These two concepts aren't the same. We need an answer choice that links them. In many Sufficient Assumption questions, the key to success is to understand the "new concept" in the conclusion—a concept that isn't supported by the premises. The correct answer connects the premises to that new concept. We can often eliminate answer choices because they don't address the new concept in any clear way. gives us the connection that we need. To briefly review the other answer choices: (A) Premise Booster. This answer choice might explain why the recent biography doesn't explain what made Shakespeare different. However, this doesn't guarantee a relationship between what made him different and what is of most interest about him. (B) Detail Creep. Choice (B) is about the life of the "average" Elizabethan man. What does this have to do with Shakespeare? The premise tells us that he was a man of that time. Does it tell us that he was "average?" No, it doesn't. (C) Premise Booster. This supports the idea that Shakespeare was different, as is already suggested in the premise. However, like (A), this does nothing to guarantee a relationship between what made him different and what is most interesting about him. (D) Premise Booster. This indicates that the biography should have explained what made Shakespeare different (distinctive). But again, this doesn't show a relationship between Shakespeare being different, and what is of most interest about him. Premise boosters and detail creeps are classic wrong answer choices on sufficient assumption questions. LSAT 70 Section 1 #4 It is very important to remember that LSAT Logical Reasoning questions get considerably more difficult as you move through the sections. Expect the last 7 questions to take you twice as long as the first 7. As with any assumption family question, we first distill the core. Here, we have some conditional logic yet again. PREMISES If no budget for more dairy insp -- most large dairies won't meet fed stds on waste disposal There is no budget for more dairy insp CONCLUSION Most district water = likely to become polluted Looking at our premises, we have one fact and one conditional. Since both of them have to be true (because they are given to us in the stimulus), and the fact triggers the conditional - that means the result of the conditional must be true as well! So, combining these two statements, we properly conclude that most large dairies won't meet the federal standards. The combination of statements in the premises allows for a logic games like deduction – don’t be afraid of treating conditional LR problems similarly to how you would LG problems. Notation is optional – try it out for yourself. Some students love notating LR sections, whereas it confuses others. Simplifying further: PREMISE Most large dairies won't meet the fed stds on waste disposal CONCLUSION Most district water = likely to become polluted Now, we need a Sufficient Assumption to guarantee that the argument works. Often, sufficient assumptions follow the classic pattern of: IF (premise) THEN (conclusion) The conditional relationship means that if the premise is true, the conclusion is guaranteed - that fulfills the job of a sufficient assumption! (D) matches this classic pattern perfectly: IF (most large dairies won't meet the fed stds on waste disposal) THEN (most district water = likely to become polluted). This will guarantee the conclusion from the premise! Both (A) and (C) are examples of faulty contrapositives of this basic conditional. (A) IF (most dairies meet fed stds for waste disposal) THEN (most district water = UNLIKELY to become polluted). This is called an illegal negation. This negates both the trigger and the result of the conditional that we want. Our argument is about a world where most of the large dairies do not meet the federal standards - this answer choice tells us something about a world where most of them DO. (C) Remember that "only if" translates to "then"! So the conditional is: IF (all district water = likely to become polluted) THEN (all large dairies do not meet fed stds for waste disposal). Illegal Reversal. This format is IF (conclusion) THEN (premise). We needed to get from the premise to the conclusion, not the other way around! (B) and (E) are wrong for other reasons. (B) If this were true, then the fact that we can't get more dairy inspectors would mean we cannot possibly keep ALL the drinking water clean. So, at least some drinking water will get polluted. But that doesn't guarantee that MOST of the drinking water will get polluted! (E) This gets to the right conclusion! But it only guarantees that conclusion if NONE of the large dairies meet the federal standards. We don't know that's true. The premises only tell us that MOST of the large dairies won't meet the federal standards. This conditional never gets tripped by our evidence! Are you interested in connecting with a LSAT tutor? ;

Dialectical Journal- The Things They Carried and Into the...

Lily Cooke AP Lang Summer Dialectical Journal The Things They Carried- Tim O’Brien 1) â€Å"They carried the soldier’s greatest fear, which was the fear of blushing. Men killed, and died, because they were embarrassed not to. It was what had brought them to the war in the first place, nothing positive, no dreams of glory or honor, just to avoid the blush of dishonor. They died so as not to die of embarrassment† (O’Brien 20). This quote in the first chapter of the book sets the overall tone. The author Tim O’Brien uses his language through out the book in an extremely straightforward manner. He does not sugar coat the way going to war and being in a war is. He does not use stories of heroes,†¦show more content†¦While on the other hand, Jensen let Strunk live, which did not follow through with their agreement. Either choice that Jensen could’ve made he takes all the blame. This proves how even though Jensen should be mourning the death of his friend; his first thought was that Strunk would’ve ended up dea d either way. This, in Dave Jensen’s eyes, verifies that he did not make the wrong choice. O’Brien quickly jumps to Strunk’s death in this paragraph. At first, he describes Strunk being taken away by the helicopter and then straight after, this quote was written. Throughout this novel, O’Brien’s usage of language and his own style are concise and clear. He quickly jumps to Strunk’s death because there was nothing else left to be said. The most important message to get across to the reader is the sense of guilt that 4) â€Å"He was a slim, dead, almost dainty young man of about twenty. He lay one leg bent beneath him, his jaw in his throat, his face neither expressive nor inexpressive. One eye was shut. The other was a star-shaped hole† (O’Brien 124). blinds the rest of the events and occurrences when at war. O’Brien clearly shows the reader this when Dave Jensen was blinded by his own guilt and felt better when his friend passed away. I admired how O’Brien in one simple quote said so much about how guilt controls a soldier during war. O’Brien isShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1941 Words   |  8 PagesVarun Ramaswamy Ms. Kimbrough English III AP – 7th 4 November 2014 The Scarlet Letter Ch. 13 - 24 Dialectical Journals Quotations Response Chapter 13 â€Å"Such helpfulness†¦so much power to do and power to sympathize†¦ [interprets] the scarlet A by its original signification.† (Hawthorne 323) This quote is evidently significant since it shows the fact that as the chapter suggests the general people’s new viewpoint which they are starting to see of Hester; of her diligence which proves to be much moreRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pages------------------------------------------------- Essentialism vs. Existentialism Essentialism: A belief that things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsibleRead MoreStarbucks Business Plan31663 Words   |  127 Pagesactors view claims that man should be seen both as a particle and a wave with indefinite freedom. As creators of knowledge in this view one must never stand outside in order to observe. Because if one participate oneself then one will notice that things are moving around by one’s own choice. To talk about actor in the actors view is off course sensible. It indicates an interest in people as intentional, that is, as active, reflective and creative individuals. The thoughts and ideas behind the actorsRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesnotes. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page v Organisational Theory Introduction to the Workshop This workshop is not primarily about management of organisations, but about organisations and people. There is actually no such thing as ‘management theory’ in terms of a separable area of study, and what normally goes under that rubric is really an ideological stance vis-à  -vis more general consideration of organisational and human phenomena. Most of the main elements are taken fromRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesTo Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose struggles have enabled us to survive and thrive This page intentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience

Marketing Skittles - 1074 Words

Place Assignment: Skittles MKTG 211 March 29, 2013 Marketing channels are very important to both the manufacturer and the consumer. These channels are the way the manufacture releases their product to the consumer for purchasing. Manufactures can choose either a direct channel which is the means of selling customers or accepting orders from them. A sales force calls on customers and prospects to present information on products and persuade them to place orders. Retailer channel is the channel that manufacturers sell their goods directly to large retailers such as Amazon which then sell onto the final consumers. wholesaler channel typically buys and stores large quantities of several producers’ goods and then†¦show more content†¦Costs include inventory an depreciation of the goods. There are several techniques that can help a business control; inventory such as the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model. Making it more cost efficient to control physical and financial inventory on products. WAREHOUSING: Is another com ponent of the physical distribution system. Although mars has their own distribution warehouses there are many decision involved with deciding on the redistribution of products. It must be quick keeping them on the move as much as possible. Many distribution warehouses physically store goods for fewer than 24 hours before shipping them on to customers. The introduction of computer automation at warehouse level is allowing information on the product to be recorded, stored and shipped in shorter more efficient times and at a much lower rate of error.TRANSPORTATION: This is the final component of the physical distribution system. Transportation costs are largely based on the rates charged by carriers. There are two basic types of transportation rates: class and commodity. The class rate, which is the higher of the two rates, is the standard rate for every commodity moving between any two destinations. The commodity rate is sometimes called a special rate, since it is given by carri ers to shippers as a reward for either regular use or large-quantity shipments. (enotes) Which ever transportation choice is made it must beShow MoreRelatedSkittles Marketing Plan2356 Words   |  10 PagesSkittles is a well-known, long-standing brand that has pleased consumers for generations. However, it is our contention that the name’s growth is stagnating, and needs to be revitalized based upon a core marketing goal: bring Skittles from simply a candy – something one consumes on a whim and forgets about – to a brand that engenders both value and feeling for consumers. With such a focus, the objective is to influence the seemingly minor consumer choice between confections in vending machines andRead MoreNo matter the nature of your business, having a solid marketing plan behind you is essential. If700 Words   |  3 PagesNo matter the nature of your business, having a solid marketing plan behind you is essential. If you fail to advertise your products and services effectively, it will be difficult for your business to succeed. Understanding what makes a particular advertisement effective allows you to tailor your own marketing plans and achieve better results. Memorable In order to be effective, an advertisement has to be memorable for the viewer. If the viewer does not remember the ad after viewing it, the companyRead MoreM2 Unit 291514 Words   |  7 Pagessecond channel starts with the producer who sells straight to the retailer, who then sells to the consumer. The third channel goes directly from the producer to the consumer. Channels one and two are classed as indirect marketing channels, whereas channel three is a direct marketing channel as it goes straight from producer to consumer. All of the distribution channels start with a producer who will create the products, for example the person that milks the cows to get milk. For the first channelRead MoreCase Study Of Haigh s Chocolates Sell This Wide Range Of More Than 200 Products At Its 14 Retails Outlets1503 Words   |  7 Pagesis finished, boxed deliberately by hand and delivered to every store (Fanning, 2014). In order to be a sustainable marketer, they source ingredients, for example, sugar, milk powder, dried foods grown from Australian markets only. Hence, the main marketing strategies followed by Haigh’s chocolate are selling directly to its consumers, consistent innovation to match changing tastes of consumers, product differentiation in terms of its packaging and sustainable production (Birchall, 2013). This is achievedRead MoreEffects of Advertising on Children Today1999 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: CHILDERN AND TODAY S ADVERTISEMENT Children and Today s Advertisement MG6500: Marketing Administration June 14, 2009 Abstract Today’s marketing is very different from yesterday marketing. This paper will discuss how marketing has change through the years. Who are the marketers of today really targeting and are there method ethical, what marketers’ responsibility to society are and what parents are doing to feed this frenzy. Children and Today s Advertisement Introduction: Read MoreHow Marketers Target Kids2415 Words   |  10 Pagesthat kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. Pester power refers to children s ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be. According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories—persistence and importance. Persistence nagging (a plea, that is repeated over and over again)Read Morechapter 104699 Words   |  19 Pagesstream music directly from your PC or MP3 player. This small Satek wireless speaker, which is radically different from anything currently on the market, would be classified as a(n): discontinuous innovation 6. When Glade brand air freshener began marketing a clean linen-scented air spray, the action could be classified as a(n): addition to an existing product line 7. In its early years of operation, MGP Ingredients, Inc., sold ethanol and animal feed. A steep drop in its sales led the company to focusRead MoreConfectionery Marketing Strategy4681 Words   |  19 PagesInternational Marketing and research | Marketing Plan | Altoids | 5/26/2009 | | Executive summery This marketing plan is based on Altoids, which in an American product introduced into Australian market. Altoids are produced by Wrigley a US based company. In order to increase the market share Altoids will be introduced into Australian market through retailers by distribution and promotion. The PEST and SWAT analysis states that thereRead MoreNeverwet Essay4784 Words   |  20 PagesContents 1 INTRODUCTION Social media has taken the marketing world by storm. Today, not only do companies have a dedicated Website,but organizations, representative of all industries and sizes, also have a blog, Twitter account, Facebook page and a Youtube channel (Wetpaint Alimeter, 2009). In fact, social media is the number one activity on the web. Because of this, companies view social media as a critical component to its overall marketing strategy, especially since these tactics are cost-effectiveRead MoreA Research On Social Media980 Words   |  4 Pagesexclusive, meaning a user could fit into multiple categories for different interactions (Tuten Solomon, 2013, p. 74). Skittles is a poplar candy brand known for their wacky advertising. It is no wonder that their social media marketing would be just as wacky and popular. Skittles must be very aware to the different categories of the ladder to be so successful in their social media marketing efforts. Creators are the content creators. Their content is shared with other users and adds to the social media

What Is a Global Manager - 2649 Words

The answer is a network of specialists, not a individual. What is a Globai iVianager? by Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal In the early stages of its drive overseas. Corning Glass hired an American ex-ambassador to head up its international division. He had excellent contacts in the governments of many nations and could converse in several languages, hut he was less familiar with Corning and its businesses. In contrast, ITT decided to set up a massive educational program to globalize all managers responsible for its worldwide telecommunications husiness-in essence, to replace its national specialists with global generalists. Corning and ITT eventually realized they had taken wrong turns. Like many other†¦show more content†¦The global business managers overall go, is to capture the full henefit of integrated worl wide operations. To be effective, the three roles at the core of a husiness managers joh are to serve as the strategist, for his or her organization, the architect of i worldwide asset and resource configuration, and the coordinator of transactions across national borders. Leif Johansson, now president of Electrolux, the Swedish-based company, played all three roles successfully in his earlier position as head of the household appliance division. In 1983, when 32-year-old Johansson assumed responsibility for the division, he took over a business that had been huilt up through more than 100 acquisitions over the previous eight years. By the late 1980s, Electroluxs portfolio included more than 20 brands sold in some 40 countries, witb acquisitions continuing throughout the decade. HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW September October 1992 Zanussi, for example, the big Italian manufacturer acquired by Electrolux in 1984, had built a strong market presence based on its reputation for innovation in household and commercial appliances. In addition, Arthur Martin in France and Zoppas in Norway had strong local brand positions hut limited innovative capability. As a result of these acquisitions, Electrolux had accumulated a patchwork quilt of companies, each witb a differentShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Criteria That HR Should Look For When Selecting Global Expatriate Managers?758 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the criteria that HR should look for when selecting global expatriate managers? The need for expatriate managers is increasing and â€Å"80% of midsize and large companies currently send professionals abroad—and 45% plan to increase the number they have on assignment.† (Gregersen, 1999) The cost for sending expatriates abroad is generally a costly venture for the organization with an expatriate employee package costing the organization two to three times the equivalent of a domestic positionRead MoreA Global Supply Chain Manager1036 Words   |  5 PagesThe work of a global supply chain manager is ever changing. These global supply chains must be fluid and responsive to keep with the changing landscape that is global business. Risk factors, consumer expectations, political change, and environmental concerns are many of the things that they must overcome. Planning, communication, and strong relationships can aid these managers in doing what the need to stay on top of all these challenges. The main goal of the supply chain is to provide the customer sRead MoreThe Success Factors Of Multinational Corporations1272 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most essential success factor in multinational corporations is related with the organization’s group of extremely competent international leaders and managers who have the global knowledge of consumer demands for services as well as products in a world scale, the knowledge of production and service capabilities, and also who can influence others in spite of diverse cultural or political backgrounds that make them think, analyze, decide, act and communicate in a different way than the leaderRead MoreNew York Times Columnist Thomas Friedm The Inexorable Integration Of Markets, Transportation Systems, And Communication Systems849 Words   |  4 Pagesever before.† (Friedman, 2002). Corporations can no longer operate exclusively in one or two countries. Today’s markets are far too complicated and interdependent for that. As globalization expands managers spend more and more time navigating the world to conduct business. Managers are responsible for using resources, including personnel, to ensure a company’s success by meeting its overall goals and objectives. This alone can be a challenge, but when operations cross national bordersRead MoreGlobal Team1436 Words   |  6 PagesINDIVIDUAL ESSAY â€Å"What are the characteristics of effective teams? What challenges do managers face in managing global teams? How should those challenges be handled?† 25st of November 2011 Student number: B00600693 Words: 1145 The purpose of this essay is to examine the characteristics of effective teams as well as the challenges faced by managers to lead global teams. It will also analyse how these challenges should be handled. It will provide a definition of an effective and global team. To beRead MoreAcer, Inc. – Taiwan’s Rampaging Dragon1432 Words   |  6 Pagesindustry changed from high profit margins to low profit margins almost overnight. This made it difficult to make a profit from the completed products. Shih expanded and setup Regional Business Units (RBU) which developed global brands in order to turn the company around. Shih’s global expansion included joint ventures â€Å"in less hotly contested markets in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. By 1995, it was the top-selling computer brand in Mexico, Bolivia, Chile, Panama, Uruguay, ThailandRead MoreThe Global Economy Has Changed The Way The Corporations Do Business Today1622 Words   |  7 PagesLeaders hip in a globalizing world. The global economy has changed the way the corporations do business today. The melting of trade barriers among nations and their increasing inter connectedness, accelerated by technology has brought a profound impact on global business. The expanding global environment has extended the reach and goals of the companies with greater access to wider markets. Managers are looking to globalize operations, developing new markets for their products for better strategicRead MoreGlobal Marketing Of Cholesterol Lowering Drugs As Therapy776 Words   |  4 PagesCompetition in global marketing is consistently increasing, the marketing manager must be knowledgeable in the category of global marketing. Global marketing encompasses how marketing to one area of the world differs from the other parts of the world creating markets to the toughest to reach customers. As a marketing manager, one must be able to analyze the economy and how different parts of the world respon d to multiple marketing techniques. This paper will critique the following article â€Å" Global MarketingRead MoreThe Tools And Skills Used By Managers Functioning815 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract The goal of this paper shall be to examine the tools and skills used by managers functioning in a business operating on a global scale. This essay will also touch on the impact of managers and their decisions on the globalization of business as a whole. Managers of today require aptitude in the use of technology, understanding of culture, and implementation of certain skillsets in order to be successful. This paper will draw from the text of Carpenter, Taylor, and Erdogan (2009) as wellRead MoreThe Role Of A Manager For Any Capacity At A Business904 Words   |  4 Pages There are many challenges when playing the role of a manager in any capacity at a business. Managers need to be able to make informed decisions that can have financial or personnel impacts, they need to fully understand and implement all organizational policies, and they need to manage and drive employee performance. Managers are in a state of perpetual assessment. Performing these tasks in one country and one culture is challenging enough, but from an ethical point of view, there is a pretty

The Great Depression in America Essay - 2388 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Great Depression was a huge economic downfall in North America and involved many other industrialized countries of the world. The Depression began in 1929 and lasted for about ten years. Millions of people lost their jobs along with many businesses going bankrupt. The common misconception of the Great Depression is people think that the stock market crash was the main cause for it. There were many causes for the Depression; unequal distribution of money during the 1920’s was the main cause of the Depression. This unequal distribution happened on many different classes of people. The imbalance of money is what created such an unstable economy. The stock market was doing much worse than people thought†¦show more content†¦Firms cut back on purchases of produce goods and the consumers cut back on the purchases of consumer goods (Galbraith 117). This uncertainty mixed with the stock market crash created the biggest recession America has ever s een. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By 1933 millions of Americans were out of work. Bread lines were a common sight in most cities. Hundreds of thousands of people scoured the country in search of food, work, or a roof. There was a popular song from this era known as â€Å"Brother, can you spare a dime (Modern)?† A big step that happened for the unemployed were the Civilian Conservation Corps, a government program that brought relief to men between the ages of 18 and 25. The Conservation Corps gave jobs to young men in work camps across the country for about $30 per month. There were about 2 million men that took advantage of these jobs (The Great Depression). These men took part in a variety a jobs that included: planting trees, elimination stream pollution, creating game and bird sanctuaries, and conserving natural gases. For the other part of society work relief came in the form of the Civil Works Administration. These jobs consisted of ditch digging to highway repairs to teaching. Ci vil Works Administration was created in November 1933 and was ceased in the spring of 1934. Roosevelt continued to offer unemployment programs that offered pay (America). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The average farm income in 1930 was the lowest it had beenShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression Of America920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Depression A major event in American history that has shaped society today is the great depression that began in 1929 and ended in 1939. The official day the stock market crashed was a a day known as â€Å"black Tuesday†. At the time, the American government was not prepared nor did they have policies in place that made them well prepared for such an event to take place. This unfortunate event threw Americans into a an economic crisis unlike any event experienced before in history and leftRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression in America is often believed to have ended when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour and the US entered WWII in December 1941. However, while an exact end date is a matter of debate, it’s obvious the end of the Great Depression correlates somewhat with the beginning of the war, leading many to believe WWII must have ended the Great Depression and triggered the economic recovery of the United States. Many histo rians believe that the government and military spending restimulatedRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America980 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica has been around for many years and during those years people of America have experienced horrible times and fantastic times. There were the world wars, and there were the roaring twenties when America was the fastest growing. After the roaring twenties the American economy took a turn for the worse. After such a prosperous decade, when America went into the depression people were not ready for such a drastic change. Many people didn’t understand how it occurred, but now we have a better understandingRead MoreAmerica in the Great Depression1370 Words   |  5 Pagesdecade, from 1929 to 1940, America’s economy failed to operate at a level that allowed most Americans to attain economic success. A worldwide depression struck countries with market economies at the end of the 1920s. Although the Great Depression was relatively mild in some countries, it was severe in others, especially in the United States. The Great Depression left the American economy in ruins with problems that would take decades to fix. Government involvement increased in an effort to reconstructRead MoreThe Great Depression Of America3487 Words   |  14 Pages The Great Depression If one asks most Americans their opinion about when our nations’ economy crashed the most severely, they would most likely say the period between October 1929, until 1930 when the United States went through the great depression. The great depression was a time where people lost nearly everything, from houses and farms, to families and children. People were starving and left out in the cold. The worst part about this was that once people lost their belongings, they were goneRead MoreThe Great Depression of America514 Words   |  2 Pagesmill in Gary several other factories and companies started to travel to Gary for products because it became a business that lasted for decades. There was great memories in the 1920s with the great depression that had eventually changed in the 1930s. There were a crash of the stock market that was drawn in 1929 with the Great Depression of America. The American had no choice but to share unemployment and poverty. Then there was a decrease in the agriculture market which had a distress effect on theRead MoreThe Great Depression Changed America845 Words   |  4 PagesEssay The Great Depression changed our whole society but not in a bad way. The drop of the stock market gave buyers two choices; work harder to earn their money back or give up. After families lost most of their money they gave up and couldn’t provide for themselves. The Great Depression has majorly affected our current world. The Great Depression had shown how big companies affected America, how much the Executive branches power had grown and how the bank could not always be trusted. The Great DepressionRead MoreThe Great Depression Trademarks America1544 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Depression trademarks America at its all-time historical down point. In FDR’s Folly, Powell spotlights the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, astronomical levels of unemployment, as well as the New Deal program developed to combat the Great Depression. Powell, who was born and educated in London, earned a master’s degree in history and he clearly demonstrates his views to the reader. In his words, FDR’s presidency did not aid the economic state but drove it further back as well asRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects On America2001 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Depression was an incredibly dull time in the historical backdrop of the United States, impacting all the financial assets of the American lifestyle. The Great Depression shattered the financial status of the United States. President Roosevelt has been known for sparing the U.S out of the financial turmoil it found itself in from the Great Depression. The causative components of t he Great Depression are still up for debate by many students of history and economics. For some individualsRead MoreEssay on America and the Great Depression1882 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica and the Great Depression 1. Compare the ideas behind the protest movements of Huey Long and Upton Sinclair. The Era of the Great Depression was one of both desperation and hope. Americans were desperate for a change, desperate for anything to come along that may improve their situation, yet hopeful that the light at the end of the tunnel was near. For many of those living in poverty during the 1930s, the â€Å"radical† leftist movements seen throughout the country appeared to be alternatives

The Causes of Commercial Bribery Crime Free Essays

(1) From a historical point of view, in traditional Chinese culture, â€Å"human† is the social causes of commercial bribery. As everyone knows, China is a exquisite â€Å"courtesy demands reciprocity† state, courtesy demands reciprocity core is advocating â€Å"human intercourse†, in other words, Chinese person standards require that human relations between people.. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes of Commercial Bribery Crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now This traditional culture extends to business, evolved into â€Å"If you want to profit from the others, it is necessary to give people the appropriate return† business philosophy. This way, â€Å"If you want to earn more profits from the others, you should give greater reward† is taken for granted. (2) From the reality of power distribution situation, there has too much monopolistic industry in China, some of the management and the staff has too much power, which gives commercial bribery great road system laid the Foundation. Western economists had made the† Rent-seeking theory† to explain to the public rights advocates have with its control power for chip seek for their own economic interests phenomenon; According to the â€Å"power rent-seeking† theory, the power of the party will be looking for opportunities through the rent his power gain benefits, and possession of money but no dominant power a side is naturally will use their own money in exchange for power. There is no scientific and effective democratization and legalization power restriction mechanism premise, this inevitably appear using trading. (3) from actor inner point of view, the pursuit of maximization of interests huge internal power is the psychological causes of commercial bribery. The disadvantages is instinct. Each person can choose for their own works. In the business field, people tend to think hard to pursue the biggest profit. So, in this kind of mentality, because of the doer in order to obtain the biggest commercial interests, of course, will by hook or by crook – including the use of bribery and corruption means. (4) from the market the demand and supply of resources allocation to see, relation between supply and demand imbalance is the production of commercial bribery market economic conditions. Because the cause of the natural or man-made reasons, some material may be rare materials, will be in need greater than supply state; Some products and will appear supply is greater than demand state. Therefore, in the circulation of commodities in the process, in order to promote surplus commodities or buy shortage of goods, with excess goods party or need commodities in short supply party will by hook or by crook. Therefore, take commercial bribery seek market supply and demand balance of resource allocation is the unavoidable. How to cite The Causes of Commercial Bribery Crime, Essay examples

ANNE BOGART ESSAY free essay sample

Bogart was passionate about making theatre that would reclaim theatre as an arena for action in which audiences are communally engaged Challenging, p. 288). She did not believe in theatre as being a sort of pre- packaged product to be sold to audiences and easily digested. She wanted to invite her audiences to really become active receivers of the theatre, rather than be passive spectators of a pleasant show.Anne Bogart founded and became artistic director of the ensemble-based theatre company, the SIT (Saratoga International Theatre Institute), alongside Japanese director Dadaist Suzuki in 1992. Here, the two creative directors practiced and combined their actor training methods, specifically Suzuki training and Anne Boasts area of expertise and system of creating theatre: the Viewpoints training.She has also co-written a book which identifies and outlines the primary Viewpoints, which acts as a practical training guide about theatre-making based on the adaptation of the Viewpoints training system by herself and co-author Tina Landau. We will write a custom essay sample on ANNE BOGART ESSAY or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Characteristics of her work: Anne Bogart was highly interested in creating bold new productions using avian-garden, or the experimental/innovative theatre-making techniques, as she wanted to be able to push the boundaries of conventional theatre. Bogart ally literalism the idea of taking the audience on a journey when she would stage productions in strange locations (IEEE. Street corners). She had a fascination with using daily life environments for theatre rather than conventional stage locations in order to give the audience a sense of real life, and yet also a strange sense of displacement while being theatrically entertained somewhere other than the theatre. She most successfully known for her work in elaborating on choreographer Mary Overlies Viewpoints training.The Viewpoints are essentially an outline of stage-movement scapulars, which can be utilized to aid actors in connecting physically and emotionally with the theatrical space, as well as the other actors. Bogart believed that directing should be about the kinetic qualities involved in staging and even more specifically, the timing of kinetic response -? she intended theatre to be about specific moments IEEE. The moment a person arrives at the door or the moment wh en two people look at one another. Working Methods: In their book, Bogart and Landau identify the main Viewpoints as being related to Space and Time, as well as having included the Vocal Viewpoints which offer to Pitch, Volume and Timbre. Scott Cummings (2006, p. 6) noted that Bogart directs plays with the mind of a choreographer, scoring the motion of bodies in time and space with a keen eye towards rhythm, visual composition, and other formal principles. The Viewpoints of Space include: Shape, Gesture, Architecture, Spatial Relationship and Topography.The Viewpoints which relate to Time include: Tempo, Duration, Kinesthesia Response and Repetition. Each of these Viewpoints have specific exercises which can be used either individually or collaboratively to create a dynamic environment or actors to experiment with the ever-changing aspects of theatre. Exercises in Viewpoints training can assist actors to discover new ways to establish relationships with people on stage, as well as recognize their responsibility in c reating a group dynamic. She invites her actors to generate their own group devised blocking and movement through specific improvisation exercises.As an example, a simple exercise is used to help isolate kinesthesia awareness, involving working in an ensemble where each performer is given a lane or line of an invisible grid on the stage to work within. The actors are given a series Of simple action instructions (IEEE. Standing sitting, squatting, lying down etc), and are asked to carry out any of the actions whenever the urge is felt, or the other players influence your decision. New elements may be added such as pieces of set (chairs, etc) or vocals after the group has experimented with the more simple actions.The exercises force actors to act and react in the moment, as they do not allow for any prevailing. In this way, actors are required to almost exclusively use improvisation skills on stage, being given only a limited set of physical instructions in regards to the viewpoints. In other words, this method teaches actors to let things happen, see them happening, and then respond simultaneously until relationships are built and the mini-dramas are established and played out (Challenging, p. 296).This is the main component of the Viewpoint of Kinesthesia Response. In her directing, Bogart combines these choreographed movements, which are improvisational developed by the actors in rehearsal, with the more conventional psychological character development work in order to create harassers which are unique to each individual actor (Lamp, 1992 p. 21). One Production: In 1 996, the SIT Company first performed what could most accurately be described as a performance essay, which was both conceived and directed by Anne Bogart.The Medium is inspired by the lift of, as well as a dissertation on the work and ideas of Marshall Mclean, who was a Canadian philosopher of communication theory. The show, although presenting the real information from Macaulays studies, has many unconventional and innovative theatrical techniques strewn through it. The piece is a great example Of Boasts interest in the idea of presentational staging, where the stage space alters to become invitational rather than simply a storytelling environment.The rhythm of the show is in the style of channel surfing, as the character of Marshall himself shifts the scenes using an anachronistic remote control. The use of a loud, surrealist sandpaper throughout the piece is used symbolically, representing the media buzz which is constantly drowning us. It is these techniques which immediately suggest to the audience that this is not a conventional piece of heater, let alone the fact that it is written in the form of a theatrical essay.We see the use of ministering theatrical techniques such as ensemble, mime, puttering, Merchandise Bohemianism, slow motion, image-theatre, dance, montage, symbolism and thea trical subtleties which enrich the avian- garden nature of the piece. Bogart, however, does not claim to present completely original ideas in all of her works. In fact, she openly admits to borrowing ideas from numbers of sources and recreating them in her expressionist structure and style. Influence on my work: Mary Donahue (1997, p. 48) recognized Anne Boasts insecurities about working as a female director, in terms Of the challenges of being in a power position over actors. Although this is not such a problem in todays society, I personally am able to identify with the difficulties of rising to a position of authority, especially in a field am less experienced in. I can also identify with Boasts expressions of holding greater strengths in the area of collaborative theatrical work, as opposed to acting as a fully dictating director.I believe that his quality is often what makes strong female directors the idea of theatre as a collaborative, creative endeavourer between director and cast. Rood Challenging (p. 297) also noted Boasts expression that the idea of listening with the whole body is vital to the work of the actor. The idea is to find a balance between being in control of the action and lettering of all control in order to create spontaneity. This is an idea which I am still attempting to comprehend: however, it is something which I would like to work on in my own acting practices as well as with my actors in future projects.

What is Societal Marketing free essay sample

Societal Marketing in organizations aims in fulfilling the demands and needs of the consumers effectively and efficiently than their competitors keeping in mind the well being of the consumers and the society. This concept of societal marketing is based on social responsibility and it suggests that a company which only believes in exchange relationship with the consumers might not sustain long in the market. Therefore it is emphasized that marketers must look into satisfying the needs of the customers keeping in mind the well being of the society as a whole. There are various objectives of societal marketing, some of them are: †¢Marketing and business leaders should adopt roles of leadership for the advancement of society and to achieve new levels of moral conduct. †¢Social responsibility implies that a business leader before taking any decisions should think about the protection and enhancement of the society. †¢The main of such businesses would be to help the consumers and to induce proper consumption value amongst them. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Societal Marketing? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Societal marketing should not be confused with social marketing. Societal marketing includes integrating issues of social responsibility into commercial marketing strategies. Whereas, social marketing is completely opposite, it uses commercial marketing tools and techniques to social causes. Societal marketing can be defined as a marketing strategy which has a social dimension which includes non economic criteria. It is concerned about societys long term interests. Societal marketing clearly makes the outline between immediate consumer satisfaction and the long term benefits. The categories of product (according to Kotler) and Societal marketing The categories of products are as follows: 1. Generic Product – It includes all the qualities of the product. For example for a warm coat, it is about material, fit and all the related qualities of the product. 2. Core Product – It indicative of the basic product which means for which purpose the product is made. For example, the warm coat is intended to protect the consumers from heat and rain. 3. Expected Product – It is about the expectations the consumers have from the product. For example, the coat should be warm and be comforting in the bad weather. 4. Augmented Product – This refers to the add-on that the product possesses which makes it unique and apart from the other products. 5. Potential Product – This refers to the change and transformation the product may undergo in future. Examples There are many companies worldwide who work on the concept of societal marketing. Some of the examples of societal marketing are: †¢Ford – It is a company which is famous in marketing its Hybrid car in a very interesting way. It involved the customers in its marketing strategy and allowed them to share their Instagram photos, which was a part of the marketing strategy. †¢Nike Another example of societal marketing is that of Nike which let the customers to design their own Nike sneakers. These were some of the examples of societal marketing which involved the consumers in its marketing strategy. Reference: http://classof1. com/homework-help/marketing-homework-help

Coagulation Definition (Chemistry and Biology)

Coagulation Definition (Chemistry and Biology) Coagulation is a gelling or clumping of particles, typically in a colloid. The term typically applies to the thickening of a liquid or sol, usually when protein molecules cross-link. When coagulation or clotting occurs in blood, it proceeds immediately after blood vessel damage. Two processes occur. Platelets change and the subendothelian tissue factor is exposed to plasma Factor VII, which ultimately forms fibrin. Primary hemostasis occurs when platelets plug the injury. Secondary hemostasis occrs as clotting factors strengthen the platelet plug with fibrin factors. Also Known As: coagulate, coagulating, clotting Examples of Coagulation Milk proteins coagulate to thicken the mixture that forms yogurt. Blood platelets coagulate blood to seal a wound. Pectin gels (coagulates) a jam. Gravy coagulates as it cools. Sources David Lillicrap; Nigel Key; Michael Makris; Denise OShaughnessy (2009). Practical Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–5. ISBN 1-4051-8460-4.Pallister CJ, Watson MS (2010). Haematology. Scion Publishing. pp. 336–347. ISBN 1-904842-39-9.

John Kay and His Impact on Weaving

John Kay and His Impact on Weaving In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, an improvement to weaving looms and a key contribution to the  Industrial Revolution. Early Years Kay was born on June 17, 1704,  in the  Lancashire  hamlet of  Walmersley. His  father Robert was a farmer and wool manufacturer.  Robert died before John was born   His mother was responsible for educating him until she remarried. John Kay was just a young man when he became the manager of one of his fathers mills. Kay developed skills as a machinist and engineer. He made many improvements to the machines in the mill. He  apprenticed with a  hand-loom reed  maker.  He designed a  metal substitute  for the natural reed that proved popular enough for him to sell throughout England.  After traveling the country, making and fitting wire reeds, he returned to his home and, on June 29, 1725, both he and his brother, William, married Bury women.   The Flying Shuttle The flying shuttle was an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster. The original shuttle contained a bobbin on to which the weft (weaving term for the crossways yarn) yarn was wound. It was normally pushed from one side of the warp (weaving term for the series of yarns that extended lengthways in a loom) to the other side by hand. Large looms needed two weavers to throw the shuttle. The flying shuttle was thrown by a leaver that could be operated by one weaver.  The shuttle was able to do the work of two people even more quickly.   In Bury, John Kay continued to design improvements to textile machinery; in 1730 he patented a  cording  and  twisting  machine for  worsted. In 1753, Kays home was attacked by textile workers who were angry that his inventions might take work away from them. Kay fled England for France where he died in poverty around 1780. Influence and Legacy of  John Kay Kays invention paved the way for mechanical power looms, however, the technology would have to wait another 30 years before a  power loom  was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1787. John Kays son, Robert, stayed in  Britain,   and in 1760 developed the drop-box, which enabled looms to use multiple flying shuttles at the same time, allowing multicolor wefts. His son John had long lived with his father in France. In 1782 he provided an account of his fathers troubles to  Richard Arkwright, who sought to highlight problems with patent defense in a parliamentary petition. In the 1840s,  Thomas Sutcliffe  (one of Kays great-grandsons) campaigned to promote a  Colchester  heritage for Kays family. In 1846 he unsuccessfully sought a parliamentary  grant  for Kays descendants (in compensation for his ancestors treatment in England).  He was inaccurate in the details of his grandfathers  genealogy  and story, and his Fanciful and Erroneous Statements were discredited by John Lords detailed examination of  primary sources. In Bury, Kay has become a local hero: there are still several  pubs  named after him, as are the Kay Gardens.

Comparative Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparative Theory - Essay Example Modern revolutions in ways of thinking have taken place, and they resemble in substantial ways the revolutions in thinking of the fourth century B.C. These revolutions occur with great pain and difficulty and have made a lot of people angry, including Plato to a limited extent in the ancient era, and literacy hounds such as Allan Bloom to a great extent in the present era. The belief persists now that visual texts are inherently inferior to written texts, a belief that has gone through many permutations since the invention of the camera and that has resulted in discussions about the nature of "realism." The unexamined belief in the inferiority of visual texts continues to saturate the academy in the United States. Many people now will routinely acknowledge the idea that film and video are "artistic" media. However, their own responses to these media often indicate that these newer symbol systems are not in fact taken as seriously as symbol systems such as print or painting or music. The most compelling evidence for this marginalization of newer discourse technologies lies in their integration in general education requirements. They are regarded as peripheral concerns, unrelated to the study of print texts. Aristotelianism," as it has been called derives from print culture. The grammar of film and the grammar of video have not been integrated into enough film. Classical Rhetoric is a discipline that teaches man the rules and principles of fluent expression, knowing and doing good, master certain techniques and familiarizing himself with the good, the True and the Beautiful. It involves the study of fundamental principles of political philosophy, ethics and traditional psychology. It assists the learner to give a political speech and also learn elements of good character (Corbett, 1990) Beginning at a young age with practice in imitating the writing of others, rhetoric study extends in later years into the specific study of persuasive expression. There is no better place to begin this latter kind of study than with Aristotle's Rhetoric. Aristotle taught that there were three elements of communication: the speaker, the audience, and the speech itself. In fact, his book is broken down into three parts, one on each of these elements of rhetoric. Aristotle adds the three kinds of persuasive speech: political speech, legal speech and ceremonial speech. In political speech, the audience is some body of decision-makers like a political assembly. Its subject is the future, and its object is to move the audience to take some course of action. The end of this kind of speech is suitability, which is a kind of good. Political rhetoric, therefore, is highly moral or ethical in character. (Atwill, 1998) In a legal speech, the subject is the past, and the object is the determination of what has or has not in fact happened. A lawyer arguing a case in court would be an example of a legal speaker, although anyone who argues to an audience about past events would count as a legal speaker. The end of legal speech is the determination of the truth, making it very logical in nature. A ceremonial speaker would address the present and would concern himself with the present honor or dishonor of someone. He would engage in the praise or blame to achieve his object. The person giving an eulogy and certain kinds of sermons would engage in this sort of rhetoric. Because of its ceremonial nature (which is why it is often referred to as the rhetoric of display), ceremonial rhetoric is

High School Graduation Ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

High School Graduation Ceremony - Essay Example It could never have brought more joy to my family and me as it marked a great step in my academic and social life. This is mainly because, I was going to process to my next level of education, and this would mean a lot especially to my parents who were eager to see me complete my education in a successful manner. To me, it meant relieving myself of some academic stress as I set my eyes on college education. On the other hand, it was a turning point in my social life in many aspects mainly because I was going to change my learning environment. This is especially what excited meowing to the numerous enticing stories I had heard concerning higher education. Due to enthusiasm about completing my high school education, I together with my parents planned appropriately to ensure that the graduation ceremony was a success. This was particularly so because I was in the process of transition to new levels of academic engagements and, therefore, I had to bid farewell to the high school life tog ether with my friends. Concerning my social life, I had great anticipations that high school graduation was going to be the turning point by influencing the kinds of friends I was going to make in my future life. Although I had good friends in high school, I was very anxious on that day because I was sure that I was going to make even more friends and perhaps take my relationships to the next level. In this respect, I vividly remember talking with friends about the kind of life and friends that we were to expect once we would be enrolled for colleges. Since I was leaving my friends in order to go and make new friends, I had to make the day memorable by inviting friends and families. What particularly motivated me was the fact that I would miss most of my friends whereby I was going to meet strangers and make new friends. Thus, the social aspect of my graduation ceremony was a real factor to reckon with. In the above regards, my graduation ceremony was a colorful one thanks to many f riends and relatives who gave a helping hand in the planning and organizing parts.

How Do We Define Afforestation And Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay

How Do We Define Afforestation And Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay The effects of an increasing population, growing pollution and the consequent decrease in forest area on the environment are well known. Afforestation is the answer to some extent, but needs to be carried out in a structured way with thorough knowledge of local environment, vegetation, soil type and socio-economic issues; not knowing or ignoring local conditions can prove extremely dangerous to the ecosystem. A sustainable and well-planned afforestation project helps improve soil conservation, catchment management and water quality. Such a project can also act as a wind barricade, as in the case of the The Great Green Wall Project in China. A very ambitious afforestation project that has spanned 70 years and 4,480km, it involves the building of a tree wall skirting the Gobi Desert. The tree wall is being built with the sole aim of fighting and acting as a barricade to ferocious sandstorms originating from the desert. Afforestation projects undertaken without a complete understanding of the surroundings can cause additional environmental damages. For instance , fast-growing trees commonly used in timber plantations consume huge amounts of water, hence depleting water resources around the area. There are also concerns about irreversible changes in the soil caused by exotic species. For example, pine trees are known to turn the soil acidic. The water from the soil eventually trickles down to local streams and water bodies, which, in turn, causes harm to both the water and land ecosystems. The concern mainly arises with large-scale monoculture tree plantations in Third World countries. Such plantations are usually set up for the purposes of abundant and cheap supply of raw materials to industrialised countries. A number of non-government organisations have joined hands to form a global network in order to share information and implement joint action against such plantations. In India, because of its large population, there has been growing demand for lands that are used in primary industries, such as arable land, grazing land and forestry land. And a considerable amount of cultivation and afforestation has taken place in response to such demand. This study deals with these three types of lands and analyzes the economic impact in India of cultivation and afforestation, using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The model explicitly addresses substitution between traditional goods (fuelwood, cattle dung, and draft animals) and modern goods (fossil fuel, chemical fertilizer, and capital such as agro machinery). The results show that the two types of land use change (cultivation and afforestation) have many contrasting effects on various indices. Due to population pressures, in India demand has been increasing for lands that are used in primary industries. This includes arable land, grazing land and forestry land. In response to this situation, many cultivation and afforestation projects have been conducted. In the 1950s and 1960s, numerous cultivation initiatives were actively carried out and approx. 700,000 hectares per year were cultivated. However, because India has achieved food self-sufficiency and since scarce land remains to cultivate, in recent years very little cultivation has taken place. Instead , many irrigation projects have been conducted and the focal emphasis of the nations arable land policy has shifted from quantitative expansion to qualitative enhancement. China has deforested most of its historically wooded areas. China reached the point where timber yields declined far below historic levels, due to over-harvesting of trees beyond sustainable yield.[3] Although it has set official goals for reforestation, these goals were set for an 80 year time horizon and are not significantly met by 2008. China is trying to correct these problems by projects as the Green Wall of China, which aims to replant a great deal of forests and halt the expansion of the Gobi desert. A law promulgated in 1981 requires that every citizen over the age of 11 plant at least one tree per year. As a result, China currently has the highest afforestation rate of any country or region in the world, with 47,000 square kilometers of afforestation in 2008. However, the forest area per capita is still far lower than the international average. An ambitious proposal for China is the Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System North Africa:- In North Africa, the sahara forest project coupled with the Seawater Greenhouse has been proposed. Some projects have also been launched in countries as Senegal to revert desertification. At present (2010) African leaders are discussing the combining of national countries in their continent to increase effectiveness. In addition, other projects as the Keita project in Niger have been launched in the past, and have been able to locally revert damage done by desertification. Europe:- Europe has deforested the majority of its historical forests. The European Union has paid farmers for afforestation since 1990, offering grants to turn farmland back into forest and payments for the management of forest. Between 1993 and 1997, EU afforestation policies made possible the re-forestation of over 5,000 square kilometres of land. A second program, running between 2000 and 2006, afforested in excess of 1000 square kilometres of land (precise statistics not yet available). A third such program began in 2007. In Poland, the National Program of Afforestation was introduced by the government after World War II, when total area of forests shrank to 20% of countrys territory. Consequently, forested areas of Poland grew year by year, and on December 31, 2006, forests covered 29% of the country (see: Polish forests). It is planned that by 2050, forests will cover 33% of Poland. According to FAO statistics, Spain had the fastest afforestation rate in Europe in the 1990-2005 period. In those years, a total of 44,360 square kilometers were afforested, and the total forest cover rose from 13,5 to 17,9 million hectares. In 1990, forests covered 26,6% of the Spanish territory. As of 2005, that figure had risen to 35,4%. Spain today has the third largest forest area in the European Union, after Sweden and Finland. Iran Iran is considered a low forest cover region of the world with present cover approximating seven percent of the land area. This is a value reduced by an estimated six million hectares of virgin forest, which includes oak, almond and pistacio. Due to soil substrates, it is difficult to achieve afforestation on a large scale compared to other temperate areas endowed with more fertile and less rocky and arid soil conditions. Consequently, most of the afforestation is conducted with non-native species, leading to habitat destruction for native flora and fauna, and resulting in an accelerated loss of biodiversity. DEFORESTATION:- DEFINITION: Deforestation is the clearance of forests by logging and/or burning (popularly known as slash and burn) Deforestation is the permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands. The term does not include the removal of industrial forests such as plantations of gums or pines. Deforestation has resulted in the reduction of indigenous forests to four-fifths of their pre-agricultural area. Indigenous forests now cover 21% of the earths land surface Causes and Effects of Deforestation Trees are one of the most important aspects of the planet we live in. Trees are vitally important to the environment, animals, and of course for us humans. They are important for the climate of the Earth, they act as filters of carbon dioxide, they are habitats and shelters to millions of species, and they are also important for their aesthetic appeal. However , the trees on our planet are being depleted at a very fast rate. According to some estimates, more than 50 percent of the tree cover has disappeared due to human activity. ROOT OF CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSRNsylTo0bYxhYiESWK3QiGD_Ih95eEOFBXWj5vKVKBMnhfsAt=1usg=__vHcZj32oCodhQS3Qwvk3z40Ln4Q=Almost one-third of the earths land is covered with forest. They play an important role in sustaining life. They house over 60% of the worlds biodiversity and provide human beings with many products such as food, medicine, fuel, lumber, paper etc. There are two main causes of deforestation. The primary and most common reasons for deforestation are known as the direct causes. Logging, overpopulation , urbanization, dam construction etc are under direct causes. The other main cause of deforestation is known as natural causes since they are brought by the Mother Nature. n increase in population also means an increase in produce consumption. Thus, rainforests are destroyed and converted to cattle pasture to supply the burgeoning demand for meat. In Central America, almost half of the rainforests have been slashed and burned for cattle farming in order comply with foreign demands. Twenty-five per cent of the Amazons forests have also been destroyed for cattle ranches. Lack of government legislation for land reforms has also cleared the forest especially in developing countries like of the South East Asian nations. People in that region are among the poorest in the world and are desperate for a piece of land. Unequal distribution of resources has led these people to find their way to exploit the forests. Another reason that denudes the forest is exploitative economic development schemes and the powerlessness of government to safeguard its resources . Poor countries in their attempt to increase their revenues are in a way exploiting their resources like the forests. Timber is exported to reduce the national debt. Countries rich in mineral resources open their doors to multinational mining corporations that clear the forests as they go with their operations. The government especially those belonging in the Third World cannot curb commercial logging and implement a total log ban in exchange to higher foreign exchange rates . Development projects like dams, roads, and airports contracted by the government also cause deforestation. While most causes of deforestation occur due to human activities, there are uncontrolled causes of deforestation such as forest fires, volcanic eruption, and typhoon. Forest fires are started by lightning, and strong winds help to spread the flames. Drought in the forest has increased the amount of flammable bush and debris on the forest floor. Forest fires destroy immeasurable amount of valuable timber. They kill not only trees but also other living things. . Effects of Deforestation: There are a number of adverse effects of deforestation, such as: Erosion of Soil: When forest areas are cleared, it results in exposing the soil to the sun, making it very dry and eventually, infertile , due to volatile nutrients such as nitrogen being lost. In addition, when there is rainfall, it was hes away the rest of the nutrients, which flow with the rain water into waterways. Because of this, merely replanting trees may not help in solving the problems caused by deforestation, for by the time the trees mature, the soil will be totally devoid of essential nutrients. Ultimately, cultivation in this land will also become impossible, resulting in the land becoming useless. Large tracts of land will be rendered permanently impoverished due to soil erosion. http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/amazon_deforestation.jpg Disruption of the Water Cycle: Trees contribute in a large way in maintaining the water cycle. They draw up water via their roots, which is then released into the atmosphere. A large part of the water that circulates in the ecosystem of rainforests, for instance, remains inside the plants. When these trees are cut down it results in the climate getting drier in that area. Loss of Biodiversity: The unique biodiversity of various geographical areas is being los t on a scale that is quite unprecedented . Even though tropical rainforests make up just 6 percent of the surface area of the Earth, about 80-90 percent of the entire species of the exist here. Due to massive deforestation , about 50 to 100 species of animals are being lost each day. The outcome of which is the extinction of a functions of forests is to absorb and store great amounts of water quickly when there are heavy rains. When forests are cut down, this regulation of the flow of water is disrupted, which leads to alternating periods of flood and then drought in the affected area. Climate Change: It is well known that global warming is being caused largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, what is not known quite as well is that deforestation has a direction association with carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Trees act as a major storage depot for carbon, since they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is then used to produce carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that make up trees. When deforestation occurs, many of the trees are burnt or they are allowed to rot, which results in releasing the carbon that is stored in them as carbon dioxide. This, in turn, leads to greater concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRcfO6foNuW2NYYb26NeAm-vC2n-XhY3tcOlchwfyTERQKnwE8t=1usg=__Px7tkSf6dmHkFM1tJIGd3MLCdnc= POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION: The positive consequences of deforestation Depending on the needs of the social group concerned, deforestation has made it possible for communities to be built. Forests make way for residential houses, office buildings and factories. Governments are able to build roads to make trade and transport easier and therefore more convenient to residents. Deforestation can also mean the conversion of forest land to productive land for agricultural uses. This results in better and more abundant production of food and materials, virtually eradicating periods of want and lack. Economically, deforestation has contributed much in giving many communities the opportunity to make positive changes in their lives. The negative consequences of deforestation Unfortunately, the negative consequences of deforestation far outweigh its positive effects. Here are a few of them: 1. Exposing soil to heat and rain. When forests are cleared, soil cover, which consists mainly of vegetation, is removed as well. This exposes the bare soil to extreme conditions produced by the suns heat and rainwater. With these activities alternating, the soil quickly compacts. As rainwater flows, it will wash out the nutrients and other organic materials that make the soil rich and fertile. Add to that the frequent activities of tilling, cropping and grazing which gradually results to the degradation of the soils quality. These practices are specially a concern in areas where forest zones are drier. Agriculture practice on top of deforestation can result to the desertification of many areas. Desertification is also a direct result of the demand for the soil to produce more (as a consequence of the increase in human population), thereby decreasing to a significant degree the lands carrying capacity. 2. Flooding. Deforestation can result to watersheds that are no longer able to sustain and regulate water flows from rivers and streams. Trees are highly effective in absorbing water quantities, keeping the amount of water in watersheds to a manageable level. The forest also serves as a cover against erosion. Once they are gone, too much water can result to downstream flooding, many of which have caused disasters in many parts of the world. As fertile topsoil is eroded and flooded into the lower regions, many coastal fisheries and coral reefs suffer from the sedimentation brought by the flooding. This results to negative effects in the economic viability of many businesses and fatalities in wildlife population . 3. Non-suitability of areas for conversion. Most of the areas that have undergone deforestation are actually unsuitable for long-term agricultural use such as ranching and farming. Once deprived of their forest cover, the lands rapidly degrade in quality, losing their fertility and arability. The soil in many deforested areas is also unsuitable for supporting annual crops. Much of the grassy areas are also not as productive compared to more arable soils and are therefore not fit for long-term cattle grazing. 4. The displacement of indigenous communities and their traditional way of life. When governments decide to offer forests for deforestation mainly to open up areas for civilized communities, access to forest resources by indigenous peoples are ignored. In fact, indigenous peoples are hardly included in economic and political decisions that directly affect their lives. This encroachment ignores their rights as much as it takes away the resources that their ancestors have bestowed upon them. 5. The loss in the number of biodiversity. This is probably the most serious consequence of deforestation . Put simply, it means the destruction and extinction of many plant and animal species , many of whom remain unknown and whose benefits will be left undiscovered. Environmental problems:- http://ts3.mm.bing.net/images/thumbnail.aspx?q=249293773882id=08ef0795e99508a93ba519b21853fa1aurl=http%3a%2f%2fecogreentips.com%2fwp-content%2fimages%2fdeforestation.jpg Atmospheric:- Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography. Deforestation is a contributor to global warming, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change deforestation, mainly in tropical areas, could account for up to one-third of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. But recent calculations suggest that carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (excluding peatland emissions) contribute about 12% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions with a range from 6 to 17%. Trees and other plants remove carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen back into the atmosphere during normal respiration. Only when actively growing can a tree or forest remove carbon over an annual or longer timeframe. Both the decay and burning of wood releases much of this stored carbon back to the atmosphere. In order for forests to take up carbon, the wood must be harvested and turned into long-lived products and trees must be re-planted Deforestation may cause carbon stores held in soil to be released. Forests are stores of carbon and can be either sinks or sources depending upon environmental circumstances. Mature forests alternate between being net sinks and net sources of carbon dioxide (see carbon dioxide sink and carbon cycle). Reducing emissions from the tropical deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries has emerged as new potential to complement ongoing climate policies. The idea consists in providing financial compensations for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Rainforests are widely believed by laymen to contribute a significant amount of worlds oxygen, although it is now accepted by scientists that rainforests contribute little net oxygen to the atmosphere and deforestation will have no effect on atmospheric oxygen levels.However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming. Forests are also able to extract carbon dioxide and pollutants from the air, thus contributing to biosphere stability. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTGItPfLUiWZL07G_REq7tovGyqwEssPgik1RflDpEl6klE7WcS Hydrological:- The water cycle is also affected by deforestation. Trees extract groundwater through their roots and release it into the atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no longer evaporate away this water, resulting in a much drier climate. Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture.Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue.Forests enhance the recharge of aquifers in some locales, however, forests are a major source of aquifer depletion on most locales. Shrinking forest cover lessens the landscapes capacity to intercept, retain and transpire precipitation. Instead of trapping precipitation, which then percolates to groundwater systems, deforested areas become sources of surface water runoff, which moves much faster than subsurface flows. That quicker transport of surface water can translate into flash flooding and more localized floods than would occur with the forest cover. Deforestation also contributes to decreased evapotranspiration, which lessens atmospheric moisture which in some cases affects precipitation levels downwind from the deforested area, as water is not recycled to downwind forests, but is lost in runoff and returns directly to the oceans. According to one study, in deforested north and northwest China, the average annual precipitation decreased by one third between the 1950s and the 1980s.[citation needed] Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly: their canopies intercept a proportion of precipitation, which is then evaporated back to the atmosphere (canopy interception); their litter, stems and trunks slow down surface runoff; their roots create macropores large conduits in the soil that increase infiltration of water; they contribute to terrestrial evaporation and reduce soil moisture via transpiration; their litter and other organic residue change soil properties that affect the capacity of soil to store water. their leaves control the humidity of the atmosphere by transpiring. 99% of the water absorbed by the roots moves up to the leaves and is transpired. As a result, the presence or absence of trees can change the quantity of water on the surface, in the soil or groundwater, or in the atmosphere. This in turn changes erosion rates and the availability of water for either ecosystem functions or human services. The forest may have little impact on flooding in the case of large rainfall events, which overwhelm the storage capacity of forest soil if the soils are at or close to saturation. Tropical rainforests produce about 30% of our planets fresh water. Soil:- Deforestation for the use of clay in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. The hill depicted is Morro da Covanca, in Jacarepaguà ¡ Undisturbed forests have a very low rate of soil loss, approximately 2 metric tons per square kilometer (6 short tons per square feet).[citation needed] Deforestation generally increases rates of soil erosion, by increasing the amount of runoff and reducing the protection of the soil from tree litter. This can be an advantage in excessively leached tropical rain forest soils. Forestry operations themselves also increase erosion through the development of roads and the use of mechanized equipment. Chinas Loess Plateau was cleared of forest millennia ago. Since then it has been eroding, creating dramatic incised valleys, and providing the sediment that gives the Yellow River its yellow color and that causes the flooding of the river in the lower reaches (hence the rivers nickname Chinas sorrow). Removal of trees does not always increase erosion rates. In certain regions of southwest US, shrubs and trees have been encroaching on grassland. The trees themselves enhance the loss of grass between tree canopies. The bare intercanopy areas become highly erodible. The US Forest Service, in Bandelier National Monument for example, is studying how to restore the former ecosystem, and reduce erosion, by removing the trees. Tree roots bind soil together, and if the soil is sufficiently shallow they act to keep the soil in place by also binding with underlying bedrock. Tree removal on steep slopes with shallow soil thus increases the risk of landslides, which can threaten people living nearby. However most deforestation only affects the trunks of trees, allowing for the roots to stay rooted, negating the landslide. Ecological:- Deforestation results in declines in biodiversity. The removal or destruction of areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity. Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation. With forest biotopes being irreplaceable source of new drugs (such as taxol), deforestation can destroy genetic variations (such as crop resistance) irretrievably. Since the tropical rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and about 80% of the worlds known biodiversity could be found in tropical rainforests, removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity. It has been estimated that we are losing 137 plant, animal and insect species every single day due to rainforest deforestation, which equates to 50,000 species a year. Others state that tropical rainforest deforestation is contributing to the ongoing Holocene mass extinction.The known extinction rates from deforestation rates are very low, approximately 1 species per year from mammals and birds which extrapolates to approximately 23,000 species per year for all species. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century. Such predictions were called into question by 1995 data that show that within regions of Southeast Asia much of the original forest has been converted to monospecific plantations, but that potentially endangered species are few and tree flora remains widespread and stable. Scientific understanding of the process of extinction is insufficient to accurately make predictions about the impact of deforestation on biodiversity.[56] Most predictions of forestry related biodiversity loss are based on species-area models, with an underlying assumption that as the forest declines species diversity will decline similarly.However, many such models have been proven to be wrong and loss of habitat does not necessarily lead to large scale loss of species.[57] Species-area models are known to overpredict the number of species known to be threatened in areas where actual deforestation is ongoing, and greatly overpredict the number of threatened species that are widespread. Economic impact:- Damage to forests and other aspects of nature could halve living standards for the worlds poor and reduce global GDP by about 7% by 2050, a major report concluded at the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Bonn. Historically utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water and cultivable land. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for paper. In developing countries almost three billion people rely on wood for heating and cooking. The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in both developed and developing countries. Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture, or over-exploitation of wood products, typically leads to loss of long-term income and long term biological productivity (hence reduction in natures services). West Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia and many other regions have experienced lower revenue because of declining timber harvests. Illegal logging causes billions of dollars of losses to national economies annually. The new procedures to get amounts of wood are causing more harm to the economy and overpowers the amount of money spent by people employed in logging. Control:- Reducing emissions Major international organizations, including the United Nations and the World Bank, have begun to develop programs aimed at curbing deforestation. The blanket term Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) describes these sorts of programs, which use direct monetary or other incentives to encourage developing countries to limit and/or roll back deforestation. Funding has been an issue, but at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties-15 (COP-15) in Copenhagen in December 2009, an accord was reached with a collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, that will approach USD 30 billion for the period 2010 2012. Significant work is underway on tools for use in monitoring developing country adherence to their agreed REDD targets. These tools, which rely on remote forest monitoring using satellite imagery and other data s ources, include the Center for Global Developments FORMA (Forest Monitoring for Action) initiative and the Group on Earth Observations Forest Carbon Tracking Portal. Methodological guidance for forest monitoring was also emphasized at COP-15 The environmental organization Avoided Deforestation Partners leads the campaign for development of REDD through funding from the U.S. government. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQOM4uFrGLFAGFLzmyTTF34LtYfjU3R31OB7CxXwzCEWWxh_UV4 Farming New methods are being developed to farm more intensively, such as high-yield hybrid crops, greenhouse, autonomous building gardens, and hydroponics. These methods are often dependent on chemical inputs to maintain necessary yields. In cyclic agriculture, cattle are grazed on farm land that is resting and rejuvenating. Cyclic agriculture actually increases the fertility of the soil. Intensive farming can also decrease soil nutrients by consuming at an accelerated rate the trace minerals needed for crop growth.[citation needed] Forest management Efforts to stop or slow deforestation have been attempted for many centuries because it has long been known that deforestation can cause environmental damage sufficient in some cases to cause societies to collapse. In Tonga, paramount rulers developed policies designed to prevent conflicts between short-term gains from converting forest to farmland and long-term problems forest loss would cause, while during the seventeenth and 18th centuries in Tokugawa, Japan, the shoguns developed a highly sophisticated system of long-term planning to stop and even reverse deforestation of the preceding centuries through substituting timber by other products and more efficient use of land that had been farmed for many centuries. In 16th century Germany landowners also developed silviculture to deal with the problem of deforestation. However, these policies tend to be limited to environments with good rainfall, no dry season and